{"id":7535,"date":"2025-05-22T16:40:56","date_gmt":"2025-05-22T16:40:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/?p=7535"},"modified":"2025-06-25T07:04:52","modified_gmt":"2025-06-25T07:04:52","slug":"defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/","title":{"rendered":"Defamation or slander: what&#8217;s the difference and why does it count for negative Google reviews?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p ><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1216.8px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading time :<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 5<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p ><strong>Online reviews have a profound influence on the reputation and sales of retailers and professionals, so it&#8217;s vital for an entrepreneur or retailer to understand the legal concepts of defamation and slander. These two criminal law offenses have different implications, particularly in terms of how a company can react to a negative review published on platforms such as Google. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p >This article aims to clarify these notions, explain why a negative review can constitute public defamation, and how this distinction impacts the legal steps to be taken.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Summary and contents of the page<\/p>\n<\/div><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#1_Defamation_and_slander_legal_definitions_and_key_distinctions\" >1. Defamation and slander: legal definitions and key distinctions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#11_What_is_defamation\" >1.1 What is defamation?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#12_What_is_slander\" >1.2 What is slander?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#2_Why_a_negative_Google_review_can_be_public_defamation\" >2. Why a negative Google review can be public defamation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#21_The_public_scope_of_online_notices\" >2.1 The public scope of online notices<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#22_Defamation_vs_mere_opinion\" >2.2 Defamation vs. mere opinion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#23_Can_a_negative_opinion_be_a_criminal_offence\" >2.3 Can a negative opinion be a criminal offence?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#3_Legal_impact_defamation_or_slander_what_are_the_consequences\" >3. Legal impact: defamation or slander, what are the consequences?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#31_Proof_of_defamation\" >3.1 Proof of defamation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#32_The_special_case_of_slander\" >3.2 The special case of slander<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#33_Penalties_incurred\" >3.3 Penalties incurred<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#4_How_to_react_to_a_defamatory_negative_review_on_Google\" >4. How to react to a defamatory negative review on Google?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#41_Pre-complaint_procedures\" >4.1 Pre-complaint procedures<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#42_Filing_a_defamation_suit\" >4.2 Filing a defamation suit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#43_Case_study_a_company_wins_E89000_in_damages\" >4.3 Case study: a company wins \u20ac89,000 in damages<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#5_Practical_advice_for_retailers_and_the_self-employed\" >5. Practical advice for retailers and the self-employed<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#51_Actively_monitor_your_e-reputation\" >5.1 Actively monitor your e-reputation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#52_Responding_diplomatically\" >5.2 Responding diplomatically<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#53_Prepare_your_file_in_the_event_of_proceedings\" >5.3 Prepare your file in the event of proceedings<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#54_Understand_your_rights_but_also_your_limits\" >5.4 Understand your rights but also your limits<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#6_Summary_of_key_points\" >6. Summary of key points<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.business-ereputation.com\/en\/defamation-or-slander-whats-the-difference\/#My_expert_view\" >My expert view:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Defamation_and_slander_legal_definitions_and_key_distinctions\"><\/span>1. Defamation and slander: legal definitions and key distinctions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_What_is_defamation\"><\/span>1.1 What is defamation?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >Defamation is defined by article 29 of the <strong>July 29, 1881 law on freedom of the press<\/strong>, which also governs insults and defamatory public statements.<br \/>\n\u201c<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Defamation is any allegation or imputation of a fact that is prejudicial to the honor or consideration of a person or a constituted body.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p >Defamation can be :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li ><strong>public<\/strong>: when uttered in front of an audience or on a medium accessible to the public (social networks, forums, review sites, etc.);<\/li>\n<li ><strong>non-public<\/strong>: when it is said to one or more people, but not widely distributed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p ><strong>In the case of a Google review, the offence is indeed public defamation,<\/strong> as the review is visible to all Internet users.<\/p>\n<p ><strong>Official source Service-Public.fr<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.service-public.fr\/particuliers\/vosdroits\/F32079\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Defamation, insult, discriminatory remarks: what does the law say?<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_What_is_slander\"><\/span>1.2 What is slander?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >Slander is a particular form of defamation, characterized by the fact that the defamatory allegation is false and that <strong>the perpetrator knows that the accusation is false<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p >In other words:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li ><strong>Defamation<\/strong> may be true or false (truth is a possible legal defense);<\/li>\n<li ><strong>Slander<\/strong> implies a deliberate intention to harm through false accusations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p >Article 29 of the 1881 law states that slander is defamation with proven malicious intent.<\/p>\n<p ><strong>Example<\/strong>: Accusing a shopkeeper of fraud without proof when you know it isn&#8217;t true.<\/p>\n<h2 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Why_a_negative_Google_review_can_be_public_defamation\"><\/span>2. Why a negative Google review can be public defamation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"21_The_public_scope_of_online_notices\"><\/span>2.1 The public scope of online notices<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >Opinions published on Google are accessible to all, which corresponds to the legal definition of public defamation.<\/p>\n<p >When a customer or competitor publishes a negative review containing <strong>an allegation or imputation of fact<\/strong> that damages a professional&#8217;s reputation, this may constitute defamation.<\/p>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"22_Defamation_vs_mere_opinion\"><\/span>2.2 Defamation vs. mere opinion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >Please note: <strong>expressing a personal opinion or feeling is not defamation<\/strong>. Only a factual allegation (for example, \u201cthis shopkeeper doesn&#8217;t meet deadlines\u201d or \u201che stole money\u201d) can be legally challenged.<\/p>\n<p >Example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li >\u201cI didn&#8217;t like the service\u201d = opinion = not defamation.<\/li>\n<li >\u201cThis shopkeeper stole \u20ac100 from me\u201d = factual allegation = defamation if false.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"23_Can_a_negative_opinion_be_a_criminal_offence\"><\/span>2.3 Can a negative opinion be a criminal offence?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >Yes, when this notice contains an allegation of fact that is false and injurious to honour or reputation, it may be considered public defamation.<\/p>\n<p >The victimized professional can then take legal action for defamation.<\/p>\n<h2 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Legal_impact_defamation_or_slander_what_are_the_consequences\"><\/span>3. Legal impact: defamation or slander, what are the consequences?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"31_Proof_of_defamation\"><\/span>3.1 Proof of defamation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >In a claim for defamation, the burden of proof is different:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li >It is up to the person who issued the notice to prove that his or her remarks are true (article 31 of the 1881 law).<\/li>\n<li >The complainant does not have to prove that the comments are false, but that they damage his or her reputation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p >This means that to defend your reputation, you have to show that the notice contains inaccurate facts.<\/p>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"32_The_special_case_of_slander\"><\/span>3.2 The special case of slander<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >If the professional demonstrates that the author of the negative review knew that his or her accusations were false, he or she can then constitute slander.<\/p>\n<p >In this case, the penalties are heavier because malicious intent is established.<\/p>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"33_Penalties_incurred\"><\/span>3.3 Penalties incurred<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li >For public defamation: up to \u20ac12,000 fine and civil damages.<\/li>\n<li >For slander (defamation with intent to harm): more severe criminal penalties, up to and including prison sentences, depending on the seriousness of the offence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p ><strong>Source Justifit<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justifit.fr\/b\/guides\/droit-penal\/comment-porter-plainte-pour-diffamation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to file a defamation suit?<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_How_to_react_to_a_defamatory_negative_review_on_Google\"><\/span>4. How to react to a defamatory negative review on Google?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"41_Pre-complaint_procedures\"><\/span>4.1 Pre-complaint procedures<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >Before starting legal proceedings, there are several steps you should take:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li ><strong>Contact the author of the notice<\/strong> to request an amicable modification or deletion.<\/li>\n<li ><strong>Report the notice to Google<\/strong> via the dedicated platform, requesting removal for illegal content.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"42_Filing_a_defamation_suit\"><\/span>4.2 Filing a defamation suit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >If these steps do not suffice, the professional can lodge a complaint. The complaint must :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li >Precise description of the disputed statements;<\/li>\n<li >Provide evidence of their false or defamatory nature;<\/li>\n<li >Identify the author if possible (Google can provide identity upon request).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p >You will need to make a bailiff&#8217;s report online.<\/p>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"43_Case_study_a_company_wins_E89000_in_damages\"><\/span>4.3 Case study: a company wins \u20ac89,000 in damages<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >A recent example reported by Le Parisien illustrates the importance of taking action:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>A bar was falsely accused on Facebook of leaving without paying. After suing for defamation, he was awarded \u20ac89,000 in damages.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p >This example shows that defamatory opinions or comments can result in heavy penalties.<\/p>\n<p ><strong>Source Le Parisien<\/strong>:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.leparisien.fr\/faits-divers\/un-pub-les-accuse-detre-partis-sans-payer-sur-facebook-ils-recuperent-89-000-euros-en-dedommagement-10-05-2025-JZJMZT7KKFHQBKFYRROQIAAKPY.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Bar wins \u20ac89,000 after false Facebook accusations<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Practical_advice_for_retailers_and_the_self-employed\"><\/span>5. Practical advice for retailers and the self-employed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"51_Actively_monitor_your_e-reputation\"><\/span>5.1 Actively monitor your e-reputation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >It&#8217;s important to regularly monitor online articles, blogs and reviews via Google Alerts or specialized tools. Generally speaking, any content older than 3 months is considered accepted.<\/p>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"52_Responding_diplomatically\"><\/span>5.2 Responding diplomatically<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >For every negative review, a professional response can defuse conflict and show that you&#8217;re listening, without ever going on the attack. Take a negative review as an opportunity to demonstrate your professionalism and customer relations, for example.<\/p>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"53_Prepare_your_file_in_the_event_of_proceedings\"><\/span>5.3 Prepare your file in the event of proceedings<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >Keep all evidence (screenshots, exchanges) and contact a lawyer specializing in press law or e-reputation.<\/p>\n<h3 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"54_Understand_your_rights_but_also_your_limits\"><\/span>5.4 Understand your rights but also your limits<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p >Freedom of expression protects honest opinions and criticism. Only false and harmful allegations are punishable.<\/p>\n<h2 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Summary_of_key_points\"><\/span>6. Summary of key points<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Notion<\/th>\n<th>Definition<\/th>\n<th>Examples<\/th>\n<th>Possible sanctions<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Defamation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Allegation or imputation of a fact prejudicial to honor, true or false.<\/td>\n<td>\u201cThis shopkeeper stole\u201d (false)<\/td>\n<td>Fine up to \u20ac12,000 + damages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Slander<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>False defamation with intent to harm<\/td>\n<td>Conscious false accusation<\/td>\n<td>Harsher criminal penalties, possible imprisonment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Negative public notice<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Constitutes public defamation if contains false and damaging facts<\/td>\n<td>Defamatory negative Google review<\/td>\n<td>Complaint possible, request for removal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Simple opinion<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Criticism or personal feeling without factual allegation<\/td>\n<td>\u201cBad service\u201d without factual accusation<\/td>\n<td>Protected by freedom of expression<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 ><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"My_expert_view\"><\/span>My expert view:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p >For a business or professional, managing negative reviews is a strategic challenge. Understanding the difference between defamation and slander enables you to better assess your recourse, and avoid confusing legitimate criticism with malicious attacks. When faced with an online review, the most effective approach is first and foremost to manage relationships and respond constructively. But in the event of public defamation, it&#8217;s important not to hesitate to assert your rights, with the support of a legal professional.<\/p>\n<p >If you need help managing your e-reputation and taking legal action in the event of online defamation, don&#8217;t hesitate to consult a specialist lawyer or digital reputation expert.<\/p>\n<p >\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Online reviews have a profound influence on the reputation and sales of retailers and professionals, so it&#8217;s vital for an entrepreneur or retailer to understand the legal concepts of defamation and slander. These two criminal law offenses have different implications, particularly in terms of how a company can react to a negative review published on platforms such as Google. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7541,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ayudawp_aiss_exclude":false,"_ayudawp_aiss_summary":"","_ayudawp_aiss_summary_provider":"","_ayudawp_aiss_summary_hash":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[112,107,111,106,109,113],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7535","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-ereputation-en","category-google-my-business-en","category-retailer-merchant","category-seo-expert","category-tripadvisor-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Defamation and online reviews: 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